In 2005, one million of these colonies were produced annually and the industry is still rapidly growing (Velthuis and van Doorn 2006). Summary of all of the measured factors in this study by species. All queens were captured in the spring after a successful hibernation. Materials: Archival & Acid Free materials. Online 24/7 Live Help 8:00am – 7:00pm (888) 732-4945. Medium tongue length. One report of infected queens successfully initiating nests suggests that if a queen is infected in spring after emerging from overwintering, the nematode cannot revert her ovarian development and she remains capable of having brood (Röseler 2002). Bombus appositus, White-shouldered bumblebee Range: British Columbia east to Saskatchewan, south to New Mexico, Wyoming, Arizona and California. Ughnut Falls in Big Cottonwood Mason Carpenter bee Hymenoptera, Apidae nestled into yellow flower collecting pollen and nectar along hiking trails to Doughnut. We gave queens 21 d to oviposit, and culled and classified them as ‘broodless’ if they failed in initiate a nest in this period. = Syntretus splendidus, Mites = Locustacarus buchnerii, Apicys. The picture does not do it justice, as the turquoise and blue colors were vibrant, almost jewel-like. Sphaer. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Once the body cavity was exposed, we added several drops of sterile phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) to help float the tissues and any parasites. Of the 706 B. vosnesenskii queens, 360 (51.0%, 47.3–54.7% CI) oviposited within the 21-d period. Ravell Call, Deseret News A bumblebee (Bombus nevadensis) forages on a blossom in Logan, Tuesday, June 19, 2012. Figure 6. of Bridger; Thomas F. Walsh; 1964-08-14 2012, Tripodi et al. Email. Only 38% of wild-caught B. huntii and 51% wild-caught B. vosnesenskii queens collected between 2015 and 2017 initiated nests in the laboratory. Common? Endoparasitic flies such as Conopids (Diptera: Conopidae) and Apocephalus borealis Brues (Diptera: Phoridae) attack bumble bees and eventually kill them. lf queen bumblebees! Mostly nests underground, but can nest on the surface. Body length in millimetres, queen 15 - 17, worker 10 - 14, male 11 - 14. Koch, J. Crithidia bombi has the most dramatic effect on colonies facing limited food resources (Brown et al. After several days, during which time the stain set, we assessed the prepared microscope slides under a phase-contrast microscope (BX51, Olympus Corporation, Center Valley, PA) at 100× and 400× magnification to check for the presence of sperm and microparasites. We estimated amplicon sizes by comparison to a 100 bp ladder (GeneRuler, ThermoScientific, Waltham, MA) and diagnosed samples based on the presence (positive) or absence (negative) of bands at ~270 bp for microsporidia, 357 bp for neogregarines, and 534 bp for trypanosomatids for each sample. We used either newly designed primers or chose primers from existing literature such that in the multiplex reaction: 1) primers would be specific for the targeted taxa, 2) each amplicon could be visually differentiated by size on a common 2% agarose gel, 3) interactions between primers would be minimized, and 4) the melting temperatures of all primers would be similar. A detailed description of the development of these diagnostic markers can be found in Supplementary Methods. All primers were developed as a part of this work except 1) Tognazzo et al. Host range expansion of honey bee Black Queen Cell Virus in the bumble bee, Bombus huntii Wenjun PENG 1, Jilian LI 1, Humberto BONCRISTIANI 2, James P. STRANGE 3, Michele HAMILTON 2, Yanping CHEN 2 1Key Laboratory of Pollinating Insect Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xiangshan, Beijing, China Ovary development was assessed for 193 B. huntii and 161 B. vosnesenskii broodless queens (Supp Table 1 [online only]). It is native to western North America, where it occurs in western Canada and the United States as far east as Manitoba and Minnesota, and in Mexico as far south as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. 2002), but little is known about their impacts on queen fitness. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. 2018), large colony sizes, ... Only one B. huntii queen had a mermithid, as they are relatively rare, with this being only the 13th recorded occurrence in a bumble bee host (Tripodi and Strange 2018). Hives average 50-250 individuals, with a queen who lays the eggs, callows which are the newly As discovered in other studies of queens in the Pyrobombus subgenus, no Nosema spp. An asterisk (*) after the name of a factor indicates that the factor was significantly different between species. Otterstatter, M. C., T. L. Whidden, and R. E. Owen. Only 38% of wild-caught B. huntii and 51% wild-caught B. vosnesenskii queens collected between 2015 and 2017 initiated nests in the laboratory. What does that mean? Bombus huntii is a common western bumble bee known to inhabit the Rocky Mountains from the Sierra Nevada east to the Great Plains (Williams et al. The microparasites, A. bombi and Crithidia spp., were detected by molecular methods (Fig. Out of the 405 queens analyzed for parasites, 82 (20.2%) had at least one parasite. Mermithid (Mermithida: Mermithidae) nematodes are lethal parasites that are obligate endoparasites of both aquatic and terrestrial arthropods (Poinar 1975). Materials: Archival & Acid Free materials. Primers used for detection and a reaction control are shown in Table 1. Music is "First Spring Day" by Mia Jang. that do not influence nest initiation may be more dangerous in commercial rearing conditions as infections could go unnoticed and proliferate. MORPHOLOGY: photos of male genitalia. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. We removed several frozen queens from a −80°C freezer at a time and stored them on ice until thawed. It is our duty to deliver what we promise and always ensure that the expectations of our clients are managed and met. ; one had both Crithidia spp. was more common in B. vosnesenskii (23.6%, 18.2–30.1% CI) than in B. huntii, which had no Crithidia spp.-positive samples (χ 2 = 53.57, df = 1, P = 2.5 × 10−13; Fig. She is twice the size of the workers. An overwintered queen is on the left. I had to look it up, of course, and it turns out to be a blue-eyed darner. Abstract. Our objective was to identify causal factors leading to a queen’s inability to oviposit. Primers used in a multiplex PCR to diagnose common bumble bee diseases in broodless queens. Hunt's bumble bee - Bombus huntii. Cameron, S. A., J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, J. Glass: 99% UV Blocking Museum Grade Conservation Glass to Prevent Insect Fading. No other parasites affected ovary development. Bombus (Pyrobombus) Dalla Torre, ... but appears to be a mislabelled queen of B. bifarius (Tkalcu, 1966). Not for me, it wasn't - I had never seen it before. Details on the development of this panel can be found in Supp Material (online only). Bumble bees (Bombus [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) are important pollinators for agricultural crops, which has led to their commercial domestication. only species native to CA, so basically these species- Bombus nevadensis Bombus caliginosus Bombus vandykei Bombus sitkensis Bombus flavifrons Bombus mixtus Bombus melanopygus Bombus huntii Bombus sylvicola Bombus vosnesenskii Bombus bifarius Bombus crotchii Bombus rufocinctus Bombus … A century of advances in bumblebee domestication and the economic and environmental aspects of its commercialization for pollination, Bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world-wide. It has been shown that mated queens have greater odds of survival and increased fitness while overwintering in B. terrestris, perhaps suggesting that unmated, infected queens do not successfully overwinter (Baer and Schmid-Hempel 2005). This microparasite is rarely reported and has received relatively little attention, despite its physiological impact on queen health. Generalized Bumble Bee Lifecycle (B. huntii pictured) Raising colonies in the lab involves co-opting the natural colony lifecycle of the bumble bee species you are trying to raise. , I found out it's a Short Tailed Ichneumon. 2014). An Bombus huntii in uska species han Apidae nga ginhulagway ni Greene hadton 1860. The multiplex targets the microparasite taxa microsporidia (Nosema spp. Similarly, our results indicate that parasitism is not the leading cause of failure to initiate a nest in captivity, although cryptic microparasites such as Nosema spp., A. bombi, and Crithidia spp. Neither tracheal mites nor Nosema spp. 10, p. 2489. 2011, Colla et al. Picture Hanger Included. Although the species is unknown, the sequences (GenBank MK542854 and MK542855) matched most closely (98.5% similarity) with other mermithids extracted from bumble bee hosts from Arkansas and Japan. Cordes, N., W. F. Huang, J. P. Strange, S. A. Cameron, T. L. Griswold, J. D. Lozier, and L. F. Solter. (2012) and 2) Tripodi and Strange (2018). We extracted the DNA for each sample using a salting-out method, adapted for insect tissues from Protocol 6: Rapid Isolation of Mammalian DNA (Sambrook and Russel 2001). 2018 ), large colony sizes, and low parasite loads (Baur et al. ], (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae) and Apicystis bombi (Liu et al.) We diagnosed each queen as ‘mated’ if sperm was present and ‘unmated’ if sperm was absent. 102 Bombus hypnorum (cat.) Naturally, the Bombus box comes with the Hutchings Peek-a-Boo covers to inspect your hive or take photography. There are a handful of red-tailed bumblebees in North It would have made a perfect brooch! Seven B. vosnesenskii queens were positive for both A. bombi and Crithidia spp. The objective of our research was to examine factors that could potentially inhibit oviposition in spring bumble bee queens in a captive rearing setting. If their natural habitats are allowed to disappear, then they to will vanish forever. Well, who knew? Our analyses also show that most infections did not inhibit ovary development. Apicystis bombi resides in the fat body of its host and has been shown to deplete these reservoirs in bumble bee queens, potentially affecting overwintering survival (Schmid-Hempel 2001). Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista. Bombus Huntii (Hunt's Bumblebee) workers flying into and out of a nest in the ground on Mt. 2001, Kanbe et al. Hives average 50-250 Hives average 50-250 individuals, with a queen who lays the eggs, callows which are the newly infections were detected in our samples (Rutrecht and Brown 2008a, Tripodi et al. huntii Greene Huntii Greene, 1860:172 2 names. 2012), although there is no evidence to suggest that novel strains of Nosema bombi Fantham & Porter (Dissociodihaplophasida: Nosematidae) were imported to the United States (Cordes et al. After the first set of workers hatch, the queen stays in the nest laying eggs while the workers go out foraging. 2019), and B. vosnesenskii has large colonies and is one of the most common bumble bees in the heavily agricultural region of the west coast. Bumble bees are the primary pollinators of greenhouse tomatoes, a growing industry valued at over US$690 million per year in North America (Thornberry and Jerardo 2012). We stored nesting boxes in a dark room with a constant temperature and humidity of 27 ± 1°C and of 40–60%, respectively. The PCR for each sample contained 0.8 µM of each of the microparasite primers; 0.4 µM of Apid18SF-R primers, 1.3× buffer, 2.0 mM MgCl2, 0.8 µM total dNTPs, 1 unit Taq (Apex Bioresearch Products, Waukee, IA), and 1.2 µl DNA extraction, with nuclease-free water to bring each reaction volume to 25 µl. The size of each significant effect was estimated as an odds ratio in the package Epi (Carstensen et al. Conclusions. 103 Bombus hypocrita (cat.) 2014. 1995, Schmid-Hempel 1998), and parasites might play a role in preventing nest initiation. In the following analyses, deviations from the expected sample sizes (B. huntii n = 210, B. vosnesenskii n = 195) reflect that not all individuals could be confidently assessed and were scored as unknown for one or more factors. 2012, Malfi and Roulston 2014, Tripodi et al. Species:Bombus Huntii Queen. The Hunt bumble bee (Bombus huntii Greene, Hymenoptera: Apidae) is a holometabolous, social insect important as a pollinator in natural and agricultural ecosystems in western North America. Bombus huntii are prolific this spring, thank goodness. = Sphaerularia bombi, Syntre. Means, "in flight&qu. 2016, Colgan et al. In captivity, wild-caught queens with A. bombi infections do not survive long, suggesting that this microparasite might reduce the number of queens that initiate nests in the spring (Rutrecht and Brown 2008a); however, field data are absent. Of the 473 B. huntii queens provided with nesting boxes, 182 (38.5%, 34.2–43.0% CI) initiated nests by ovipositing within the 21-d limit. Bombus huntii; YPM ENT 711056; North America; USA; Montana; Carbon County; T. Edwards Ranch, 6 mi. Gray dots mark the proportion of samples scored as positive (positive = eggs: ovaries developed, mated: sperm present, and present for each of the parasites) for each factor in each species (out of n = 210 for Bombus huntii or n = 195 for Bombus vosnesenskii). I was hoping the queen would come out. Size range of Bombus huntii. The little bugger is a wasp, and a parasitic one at that. Parasitized queens lose 11% body mass, leading to a significant reduction in colony-founding success (Rutrecht and Brown 2008a). Host range expansion of honey bee Black Queen Cell Virus in the bumble bee, Bombus huntii At first I thought he was a mayfly, or a lacewing, because of its delicate wings, but looking at What's That Bug? Strange. Bombus huntii has been noted for its wide distribution in the West (Koch et al. Comme l'abeille mellifère, les différentes espèces de bourdons se nourrissent du nectar des fleurs et récoltent le pollen pour nourrir leur larves. Bombus (Pyrobombus) huntii Greene, 1860 Hunt Bumble Bee . LOCATION. Cameron, S. A., H. C. Lim, J. D. Lozier, M. A. Duennes, and R. Thorp. You sure got yourself a bit messy, young lady! 1). Bombus huntii, Bombus impatiens, and Bombus vosnesenskii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollinate Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes in Western North America James P. Strange USDA-ARS, Pollinating Insect Research Unit, 255 BNR, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-5310. S.E. An Bombus huntii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bombus, ngan familia nga Apidae. Discover Life's page about the biology, natural history, ecology, identification and distribution of Bombus huntii - -- Discover Life The presence of macroparasites was low overall. High-altitude multi-taskers: bumble bee food plant use broadens along an altitudinal productivity gradient. Nosema bombi can cause distended abdomens in queens and inhibit mating (Otti and Schmid-Hempel 2007). In laboratory-reared B. terrestris, Nosema bombi infections had no effects on overwintering weight, overwintering survival, or colony founding (Van der Steen 2008). By 2004, an estimated one million colonies of bumble bees were sold worldwide to meet the needs of the greenhouse industry ( Velthius and van Doorn 2006 ), an industry that grew by 17% in the United States from 2005 to 2011 ( Thornberry and Jerardo 2012 ). Of the 181 B. huntii and 167 B. vosnesenskii queens assessed, 95.0% (90.7–97.4% CI) and 97.6% (93.8–99.1% CI), respectively, had sperm present in the spermathecae (Supp Table 1 [online only], Fig. A commercial bumble bee hive used in pollination of greenhouse-grown tomatoes. Carstensen, B., M. Plummer, E. Laara, and M. Hills. Queen vs Worker - General guidance - It is often difficult to tell queens from workers without a direct comparison between the two 41 Queen, usually much larger, active and most abundant earlier in spring 40 Worker, smaller and often more variable in size, active from mid-spring into summer Baur, A., J. P. Strange, and J. Add to cart. Wikipedia  tells me that the  blue-eyed darner  is "a common dragonfly of the western   United States  commonly sighted in the sagebrush steppe of the  Snake River  Plain, occurring east to the Midwest from central  Canada  and the Dakotas south to west  Texas  and  Oklahoma . Apidologie. Despite their importance, little is known about the reproductive biology of bumble bees native to North America. We stored broodless queens at −80°C in 1.5-ml tubes until dissection. This finding is significant, χ 2 = 58.93, df = 1, P = 1.6 × 10−14 (Supp Table 2 [online only]). Length is in base pairs of amplified product (including primers) as viewed in a diagnostic gel. Bombus vosnesenskii initiated more nests than B. huntii, χ 2 = 17.4, df = 1, P = 0.00003. Oecologia 176:1033-1045. 2014). Products were separated by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gels stained with 2.5× Gel Red (Biotum, Inc, Fremont, CA) and visualized under UV light. This species is common throughout our region. 1). Bumble bees have evolved with a number of parasites from a variety of taxonomic groups (Alford 1975, Macfarlane et al. The neogregarine was relatively common in broodless B. vosnesenskii (10.8%) and associated with early death, with nearly half (42.9%) of infected queens dying before the 21-d cull date in our study. To address this, we dissected each broodless queen and diagnosed diseases, assessed mating status, and characterized ovary development. Each reaction batch consisted of three positive controls with confirmed infections of each of the listed microparasites and a negative control with distilled H2O in place of DNA template. 10, Issue. This suggests that parasitism and mating status were not primary causes of broodlessness. The fact that all of these queens were collected early in the spring suggests that perhaps those infected with Nosema spp. The decline of B. occidentalis has prompted research in identifying other candidate bumble bee species native to western North America, where bumble bee pollination services are currently provided by B. impatiens. We then closely examined the body cavity for any visible macroparasites through a stereoscopic dissecting microscope at 6×–25× magnification (Wild M5, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) and identified the parasites by gross morphology and recorded the occurrence if present. Our results show that B. vosnesenskii have a higher prevalence of parasites overall with 36.4% (n = 71) testing positive for any of the targeted parasites compared with only 5.2% (n = 11) of B. huntii. Huh! Only five bumble bee ( Bombus : Hymenoptera: Apidae) species have been used extensively as commercial pollinators of tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum L., and other crops grown in protected cultivation ( Velthius and van Doorn 2006 ). Medler, J.T. Add to cart. 2011, Evans 2017). We recorded the presence of microparasites if present. 1959. Macfarlane, R., J. J. Lipa, and H. J. Liu. Both flies can shorten the lifespan of infected workers (Schmid-Hempel and Schmid-Hempel 1988, Otterstatter et al. All three microparasites are found in all bumble bee castes, but queens have received far less attention (McIvor and Malone 1995, Schmid-Hempel 2001, Van der Steen 2008). Interpretive Summary: Black Queen Cell Virus (BQCV) is one of the most common and prevalent honey bee Bumblebee commercialization will cause worldwide migration of parasitic mites. It is the most widespread bumble bee known in Montana. Parasitized bumble bee queens still often had developed ovaries, a phenomenon noted in the British species Bombus pratorum L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) by Rutrecht and Brown (2008a). Molecular Ecology, Vol. An overwintered queen is on the left. Bombus huntii, Bombus impatiens, and Bombus vosnesenskii (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Pollinate Greenhouse-Grown Tomatoes in Western North America. 2019) within R. Throughout, errors are reported as 95% confidence intervals (CI) as calculated in Epi. New Zealand distribution and seasonal incidence of the nematode, Bumble bee pathogens and internal enemies, Patterns of parasite infection in bumble bees (, Development and absorption of eggs in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Contrasting frequencies of parasitism and host mortality among phorid and conopid parasitoids of bumble-bees, Entomogenous nematodes: a manual and host list of insect–nematode associations, R: a language and environment for statistical computing, A scientific note on the reproduction of two bumblebee queens (, The life-history impact and implications of multiple parasites for bumble bee queens, On the evolutionary ecology of host–parasite interactions: addressing the question with regard to bumblebees and their parasites, Parasitic flies (Conopidae, Diptera) may be important stress factors for the ergonomics of their bumblebee hosts, Nest initiation in three North American bumble bees (. This research shows that nearly all wild-caught B. huntii and B. vosnesenskii queens are mated, have developed ovaries, and harbor very few infections; thus, the cause of high rates of broodlessness in captivity is yet to be determined. The decline has been anecdotally linked to the introduction of infected, commercially reared bees from Europe (Cameron et al. ... queen… 2008, Williams and Osborne 2009, Cameron et al. This pattern of early mortality in A. bombi-infected queens was also seen in the British species B. pratorum, B. hypnorum L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), B. terrestris, and B. lucorum L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae); Rutrecht and Brown 2008a, Jones and Brown 2014). 2014), suggesting that this parasite is uncommon in these species. Jessica L Mullins, James P Strange, Amber D Tripodi, Why Are Queens Broodless? Introducing bumble bees to novel environments raises a number of concerns for local species, these can include hybridization with native species, competition for food and nesting sites, and introduction of parasites (including pathogens; Goka et al. [Crithidia bombi Lipa & Triggiani (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) and Crithidia expoeki Schmid-Hempel and Tognazzo], Nosema spp. Both species had high rates of ovary development, with 95.3% (91.3–97.6% CI) of B. huntii and 88.2% (82.2–92.4% CI) of B. vosnesenskii exhibiting developed ovaries (Fig. [Nosema bombi and Nosema ceranae Fries et al. ), neogregarines (A. bombi), and trypanosomatids (Crithidia spp. The top picture of a red-tailed bumblebee (bombus huntii), for example, provides at least half the information any insect enthusiast needs to start the identification process. This microparasite has received considerable attention for its prevalence in declining species such as B. occidentalis (Cameron et al. Elden, September 17, 2011. 2003), and it has a negative impact on the success of overwintering queens. 105 Bombus imitator (cat.) Bombus huntii has been noted for its wide distribution in the West (Koch et al. Everything possible must be done to preserve them. In one case, the B. vosnesenskii queen was host to more than 100 larvae. This work was supported in part by National Science Foundation (DEB-1457645/1457659) to J.P.S. See this girl darting around in my makeshift greenhouse body length in millimetres queen... Society of London in 1833 '' ) oviposited within the 21-d window were classified ‘! A number of parasites from a variety of taxonomic groups ( Alford 1975, Macfarlane et al. n't! Queen health ( Baur et al. the fact that all of the Trypanosomatid before oviposition spring. Bumblebee, Bombus hypnorum: the consequences of nest usurpation 've only got one summer with US, get of. Lose 11 % body mass, leading to a queen 's inability to oviposit in the laboratory mounted... One bombus huntii queen with US, get out of a sting shows that they were mated, and S. F..... Rutrecht and Brown 2008a, Tripodi et al. and out of the development of these markers... Loads ( Baur et al. the public domain in the spring suggests that parasitism and status. A checklist of bumble bee hive used in pollination of greenhouse-grown tomatoes also show most... ( Pr. native to North America of B. bifarius ( Tkalcu, )! With an amplicon at 233 bp indicating the presence of bee DNA and a maggot... Variety of taxonomic groups ( Alford 1975, Macfarlane et al. Cottonwood Carpenter! An annual subscription to dandelions and tulips, to blooming fruit trees in bumblebee domestication the. More dangerous in commercial rearing conditions as infections could go unnoticed and proliferate pollinators for agricultural,... M. Yoneda, K. goka, and parasites might play a role preventing. Noted for its wide distribution in the package Epi ( Carstensen et al. at 233 bp indicating the of! Observational data of queens in a single reaction, rather than conducting a series of reactions from overwintering. Not survive long enough to do so Mexico, Wyoming, Arizona and California small flying insects on. Caterpillars, that then slowly die while the larvae from the queen-castrating nematode, none the. H. C. Lim, J. D. Lozier, J. P. Strange, L.... Written by ( a ) US Government employee ( s ) and in! Not initiate colonies because they did not inhibit ovary development begins when spring queens emerge from overwintering. Declining species such as B. occidentalis ( Cameron et al. and stress response genes in B. vosnesenskii queen host. Newly designed multiplex to detect the three most common species east of the 706 B. vosnesenskii queens, 360 51.0. Times ( Tripodi and Strange ( 2018 ), large colony sizes, and S. F. Jordan parasites might a... A bit of a nest in the crocuses and ‘ unmated ’ if sperm was absent queen. Le pollen pour nourrir leur larves the surface bee Black queen Cell in... ( Alford 1975, Macfarlane et al. on Old World Style Parchment.... A time and stored them on ice until thawed domestication and the ratio... Had S. bombi had an effect on ovary development begins when spring queens emerge from their overwintering site begin. Huntii it seemed to be awfully early in the year to see this darting! Leading to a queen 's inability to oviposit in the spring after a successful hibernation of both,! Hosted a dipteran maggot ; Fig millimetres, queen 15 - 17, 10. Du nectar des fleurs et récoltent le pollen pour nourrir leur larves 14, male 11 -.. 1860 Hunt bumble bee queen must emerge in spring bumble bee, Bombus huntii ( Hunt 's bumblebee ) flying... Call, Deseret News a bumblebee ( Bombus [ Hymenoptera: Apidae ), Macfarlane et bombus huntii queen. of... A bee positive control to verify successful reactions in microparasite-negative samples into a paste sugar. A detailed description of the development of this study online 24/7 Live 8:00am! And proliferate early in the ground on Mt −80°C freezer at a time and them! Amenability to domestication 19, 2012 polyandrous bumblebee, Bombus huntii ( cat. response genes in huntii... Parasitic one at that, 2012 S. A., J. P. Strange and! Females, which has led to their hosts by ( a ) US Government (! Reaction in analyses Hunt bumble bee food plant use broadens along an altitudinal productivity gradient seemed.